On average, South African households in the poorest income quintile have a total monthly income of just R2600, which has to support, on average, 5 members of the breadwinner’s household.
足球竞彩app排名 18 million South Africans live in these households.
In contrast, the highest income quintile has an average income of R38 000, which has to support two household members. Some 7 million South Africans live in these households.
The data on the distribution of wealth is even worse.
The poorest 50% of South Africans have an average net wealth of negative R16 000.
That means their assets are less than their liabilities: they are deeply in debt.
By contrast, the richest 10% of South Africans have an average net wealth of R2.8 million per person. The top 1% of holders of wealth in South Africa have an average net wealth of R17.8 million per person.
The ability of these households to withstand the economic effects of a sustained lockdown is very different indeed.
For low-income households, closing off the taps that allow them to earn their meagre income has meant being plunged immediately into hunger and even deeper poverty.
With this income and wealth picture in mind, it is not at all surprising to see the shocking food queues that we have seen over the last five weeks.
Low-skilled and informal occupations are by far the hardest hit
Let us consider the world of work, in which the inequalities go much deeper. Andrew Kerr and Amy Thornton from the University of Cape Town have done some very interesting research that aims to examine who, notwithstanding the lockdown, is able to work and who is not.
They estimate that just over two million South Africans, who make up 13.8% of those who had employment pre-lockdown, are able to continue working from home for the same income they were earning before the lockdown.
It is hardly surprising these are mainly professionals and those with high levels of skill. For most low-skill occupations, outside of those who are essential workers, the lockdown has meant a dramatic fall in income.
That has affected 10.5 million workers - approximately 63% of the workforce.
Some of these workers are facing the prospect of long-term unemployment as large businesses consider shutting down permanently.
The effect of the lockdown has been particularly severe on one group of workers: the approximately 5 million workers who earn their livelihoods in the informal economy.
For this group, who rely on a functioning economy to earn a small amount of income from selling vegetables at a bus rank, preparing food for sale at the train station, or collecting waste for recycling, the lockdown has meant immediate poverty and hunger.
As my colleague at Wits University, Melanie Samson has shown, waste pickers, while clearly part of essential services, remain unseen by policymakers because they form part of the informal economy.
Formal sector waste services are deemed to be essential services and allowed to operate, but those who perform exactly the same services in the informal economy are not.
The double standard could not be more stark.
Until government relaxed the lockdown rules and allowed some informal trade to happen and announced a special 足球竞彩app排名 grant for the unemployed and those working in the informal economy, the lockdown was placing informal workers in an impossible moral dilemma: abide by the lockdown regulations and starve, or break the rules and expose yourself and others to the risk of infection.
My colleagues at the African Centre for Migration and Society at Wits University have highlighted the fact that the percentage of foreign born migrant workers in the informal economy is twice as high as that of South Africans.
For most of these migrants, the lockdown means neither an income from informal work, nor a 足球竞彩app排名 grant.
Gender Inequality
The gender inequalities in our society have also been starkly exposed. Besides the gender inequalities in employment, the lockdown has revealed the deeply unequal gender relations within households.
Ours is unfortunately a society with significant levels of gender-based violence. For many of our women and children, the lockdown has meant a dramatic increase in gender-based violence.
The Foundation for Human Rights reports that, during the first week of the lockdown, SAPS received more than 2333 complaints of gender-based violence - a 37% increase on the weekly average for 2019.
One of the most significant but unseen gender inequalities in our economy is the unequal value that society places on care work. Care work is undervalued mainly because the work is done largely by women.
This inequality is seen starkly in a comment by Matt Hancock, the UK Health Secretary (the equivalent of our Minister of Health). Responding to a question on the numbers of health workers that have died in the UK as a result of 足球竞彩app排名, Hancock replied: “We’re seen very sadly four doctors die so far, and some nurses”.
Quite disgusting! While our Health Minister is doing a better job than Matt Hancock, our gender data on the unequal burden of care is not dissimilar to that in the UK.
According to our time use survey in 2010, women in South Africa spend 5.8 times more time doing unpaid care work than men do. It would be interesting to see how much more unequal this burden is during a lockdown.
Effects on the economy
That 足球竞彩app排名, the lockdown and whatever will come after will have had a lasting and devastating impact on our economy seems indisputable.
Might it also provide the impetus for a new economy – one that is more equitable, more resilient and more sustainable?
President Ramaphosa has raised the idea of a new social compact to get us onto such a path.
As a hopeless optimistic, I do think that it is possible to gain consensus on such a social compact, and rebuild our economy as on that is more equal.
However, a key ingredient for a social compact is getting those who have a lot to give up some of their short term interests, in the long term interest of the entire society.
How does one convince people to give something up in an economy that is likely to contract by as much as 10 percent?
Professor Imraan Valodia is Dean of the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management and Head of the Southern Centre for Inequality Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand. This article was first published on News24.
